Read the following scenario and answer the questions:Scenario: A group of friends went trekking in the high-altitude mountains of the Himalayas. After reaching a height of 10,000 feet, one of the friends, Aman, started taking very fast, deep breaths and felt dizzy. His guide told him to sit down and rest, explaining that the air up there is "thinner."
Q1. What does the guide mean by "thinner" air, and why did it cause Aman to breathe faster?
✓ Answer
"Thinner" air means there is a lower concentration and pressure of oxygen in the atmosphere at high altitudes. Aman's body breathed faster to compensate for this lack of oxygen, trying to pump as much air as possible into his lungs to meet his body's oxygen demands.
Q2. Inside Aman's body, what is the ultimate biological purpose of the oxygen he is struggling to breathe in?
✓ Answer
The ultimate purpose is cellular respiration. The oxygen is transported by the blood to every cell in the body, where it is used to break down glucose (food) and release energy, which Aman needs to climb the mountain.
Q3. In a model of the respiratory system, a rubber sheet stretched across the bottom of a bell jar represents the diaphragm. When you pull the rubber sheet downwards, the balloons inside the jar inflate. Relate this model to the actual mechanism of breathing in humans.
✓ Answer
When the rubber sheet (diaphragm) is pulled down, it increases the volume inside the jar (chest cavity). This lowers the air pressure inside, causing outside air to rush in and inflate the balloons (lungs). This perfectly mimics inhalation in humans.
Directions: For the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:
Q4.Assertion (A): The trachea (windpipe) does not collapse even when there is no air in it.
Reason (R): The trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep it open at all times.
✓ Answer
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Q5.Assertion (A): Exhaled air contains only carbon dioxide and no oxygen.
Reason (R): The lungs absorb 100% of the oxygen from the inhaled air and replace it entirely with carbon dioxide.
✓ Answer
(c) Both A and R are false. (Exhaled air still contains about 16% oxygen; the lungs only absorb a fraction of the inhaled oxygen, not all of it).
Q6. Frogs can breathe through their lungs on land and through their skin while underwater. Humans can only breathe through their lungs. From a biological perspective, why can't humans breathe through their skin like frogs?
✓ Answer
A frog's skin is extremely thin, constantly moist, and highly supplied with blood vessels close to the surface, allowing gases to diffuse directly. Human skin is thick, dry, and made of dead cells on the outermost layer to protect against the environment, which completely prevents the diffusion of gases across it.