Which of the following is the most toxic excretory product?
a) Urea b) Uric acid c) Ammonia d) Creatinine
Ammonotelism is common in:
a) Mammals b) Birds c) Bony fishes d) Reptiles
The functional unit of kidney is:
a) Glomerulus b) Nephron c) Bowman's capsule d) Collecting duct
How many nephrons are present in each human kidney?
a) 500,000 b) 1 million c) 1.5 million d) 2 million
The kidneys are located between which vertebrae?
a) T10-L2 b) T12-L3 c) L1-L4 d) T11-L2
Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary?
a) Aldosterone b) ANF c) ADH d) Renin
The glomerular filtration rate in humans is approximately:
a) 100 ml/min b) 125 ml/min c) 150 ml/min d) 180 ml/min
Uricotelism requires:
a) Maximum water b) Moderate water c) Minimal water d) No water
The renal corpuscle consists of:
a) PCT and DCT b) Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule c) Henle's loop d) Collecting duct
Which part of nephron is impermeable to water but permeable to electrolytes?
a) Descending limb of Henle's loop b) Ascending limb of Henle's loop c) PCT d) DCT
The broad funnel-shaped space in kidney is called:
a) Cortex b) Medulla c) Renal pelvis d) Calyx
Aldosterone is secreted by:
a) Posterior pituitary b) Adrenal cortex c) Kidney d) Heart
Which animals show ureotelism?
a) Birds and reptiles b) Aquatic animals c) Mammals d) Insects
The descending limb of Henle's loop is:
a) Permeable to water only b) Permeable to electrolytes only c) Impermeable to both d) Permeable to both
ANF is released by:
a) Kidney b) Heart c) Liver d) Lungs
The process of excessive urine production is called:
a) Uremia b) Diuresis c) Dialysis d) Reabsorption
What percentage of glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed?
a) 90% b) 95% c) 99% d) 100%
Juxtaglomerular apparatus releases:
a) ADH b) Renin c) Aldosterone d) ANF
The medulla of kidney is divided into:
a) Calyces b) Pyramids c) Cortex d) Pelvis
Which structure drains the glomerulus?
a) Afferent arteriole b) Efferent arteriole c) Renal artery d) Renal vein
Tubular secretion helps in maintaining:
a) Blood pressure b) Ionic balance c) Temperature d) Heart rate
Erythropoietin stimulates:
a) WBC formation b) RBC formation c) Platelet formation d) Plasma formation
The cup-like structure in nephron is:
a) Glomerulus b) PCT c) Bowman's capsule d) DCT
Angiotensin II is a:
a) Vasodilator b) Vasoconstrictor c) Hormone d) Enzyme
Dialysis uses:
a) Natural kidney b) Artificial kidney c) Liver d) Heart
The outer part of kidney is called:
a) Medulla b) Cortex c) Pelvis d) Hilum
Maximum reabsorption occurs in:
a) PCT b) DCT c) Henle's loop d) Collecting duct
The U-shaped part of nephron is:
a) PCT b) DCT c) Henle's loop d) Collecting duct
Urea is the main excretory product in:
a) Birds b) Fishes c) Mammals d) Insects
The basement membrane is present between:
a) PCT and DCT b) Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule c) Cortex and medulla d) Kidney and ureter
Which ion is actively secreted by tubular cells?
a) Na⁺ b) Cl^- c) K⁺ d) Ca²⁺
The collecting duct extends from:
a) Cortex to medulla b) Medulla to cortex c) PCT to DCT d) Glomerulus to PCT
Renin converts angiotensinogen to:
a) Angiotensin II b) Angiotensin I c) Aldosterone d) ADH
The term 'ureotelism' refers to excretion of:
a) Ammonia b) Uric acid c) Urea d) Creatinine
Blood enters glomerulus through:
a) Efferent arteriole b) Afferent arteriole c) Renal artery d) Vena cava
DCT stands for:
a) Distal collecting tubule b) Distal convoluted tubule c) Direct convoluted tubule d) Descending collecting tubule
What stimulates ADH secretion?
a) Decreased osmolarity b) Increased osmolarity c) High blood pressure d) Low temperature
Marine fishes are:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) All of these
Kidney transplant is used for:
a) Chronic kidney disease b) Acute renal failure c) Both a and b d) Diabetes
The apparatus that regulates kidney function is:
a) Juxtaglomerular apparatus b) Golgi apparatus c) Endoplasmic reticulum d) Ribosome
Which structure connects kidney to urinary bladder?
a) Urethra b) Ureter c) Renal artery d) Renal vein
Ultrafiltration occurs in:
a) PCT b) Glomerulus c) DCT d) Collecting duct
The muscular sac that stores urine is:
a) Kidney b) Ureter c) Urinary bladder d) Urethra
Vasopressin is another name for:
a) Aldosterone b) ADH c) ANF d) Renin
Reptiles and birds are:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) None
The conical masses in medulla are called:
a) Calyces b) Pyramids c) Columns d) Papillae
Accumulation of urea in blood causes:
a) Uremia b) Diabetes c) Anemia d) Hypertension
Which part shows conditional reabsorption?
a) PCT b) DCT c) Henle's loop d) Glomerulus
The first step in urine formation is:
a) Reabsorption b) Secretion c) Filtration d) Excretion
Aquatic amphibians are:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) None
The inner part of kidney is:
a) Cortex b) Medulla c) Pelvis d) Capsule
ANF acts as a:
a) Vasoconstrictor b) Vasodilator c) Hormone d) Both b and c
The tube carrying urine outside is:
a) Ureter b) Urethra c) Collecting duct d) PCT
JGA cells secrete:
a) Insulin b) Erythropoietin c) Thyroxine d) Cortisol
The highly coiled segment after Bowman's capsule is:
a) PCT b) DCT c) Henle's loop d) Collecting duct
Which layer is absent in glomerular filtration?
a) Endothelium b) Epithelium c) Basement membrane d) Proteins
Terrestrial amphibians are:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) All
The kidneys are located close to:
a) Ventral wall b) Dorsal wall c) Lateral wall d) All walls
How much filtrate is formed per day?
a) 125 liters b) 150 liters c) 180 liters d) 200 liters
Which substance is not filtered in glomerulus?
a) Glucose b) Water c) Proteins d) Urea
The process opposite to diuresis is:
a) Antidiuresis b) Secretion c) Reabsorption d) Filtration
Bowman's capsule is:
a) Single-walled b) Double-walled c) Triple-walled d) No wall
Land snails are:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) None
The granular appearance is shown by:
a) Cortex b) Medulla c) Pelvis d) Ureter
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of:
a) K⁺ only b) Na⁺ only c) Na⁺ and water d) Ca²⁺
The bean-shaped organs are:
a) Lungs b) Kidneys c) Liver d) Heart
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by:
a) Renin b) ACE c) Aldosterone d) ADH
Insects are generally:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) Variable
The term 'nephron' means:
a) Kidney b) Filter c) Tube d) Functional unit
GFR is maintained by:
a) Heart b) Liver c) Kidney d) Lungs
The segment between PCT and DCT is:
a) Collecting duct b) Henle's loop c) Glomerulus d) Bowman's capsule
Creatinine is a:
a) Normal constituent b) Waste product c) Hormone d) Enzyme
The hilum of kidney contains:
a) Renal vessels b) Ureter c) Nerves d) All of these
Which hormone inhibits renin release?
a) ADH b) Aldosterone c) ANF d) Erythropoietin
The artificial kidney works on principle of:
a) Osmosis b) Diffusion c) Dialysis d) Filtration
Aquatic insects are:
a) Ammonotelic b) Ureotelic c) Uricotelic d) All
The blood vessel entering kidney is:
a) Renal vein b) Renal artery c) Afferent arteriole d) Efferent arteriole
PCT is located in:
a) Cortex b) Medulla c) Both d) None
The maintenance of osmolarity is done by:
a) PCT b) DCT c) Henle's loop d) Collecting duct
Uric acid excretion is advantageous because:
a) Less toxic b) Saves water c) Both a and b d) None
The muscular tubes from kidney are:
a) Urethra b) Ureters c) Blood vessels d) Nerves
Henle's loop consists of:
a) Ascending limb only b) Descending limb only c) Both limbs d) None
The counter-current mechanism operates in:
a) PCT b) DCT c) Henle's loop d) Glomerulus
Diabetes insipidus is due to deficiency of:
a) Insulin b) ADH c) Aldosterone d) Renin
The papilla of pyramid opens into:
a) Cortex b) Medulla c) Calyx d) Pelvis
Active transport occurs maximum in:
a) PCT b) DCT c) Thin segment d) Collecting duct
The pH of urine is maintained by secretion of:
a) Na⁺ b) K⁺ c) H⁺ d) Cl^-
Birds have kidneys that are:
a) Small b) Large c) Medium d) Absent
The osmolarity of medullary interstitium is:
a) Low b) High c) Medium d) Variable
Renal threshold refers to:
a) Maximum filtration b) Maximum reabsorption c) Maximum secretion d) Maximum concentration
The vasa recta are:
a) Straight vessels b) Coiled vessels c) Lymph vessels d) Nerves
Micturition is controlled by:
a) Voluntary muscles b) Involuntary muscles c) Both d) None
The normal constituents of urine include:
a) Urea b) Creatinine c) Uric acid d) All
Glomerulonephritis affects:
a) Glomerulus b) Tubules c) Blood vessels d) All
The term 'clearance' refers to:
a) Filtration b) Reabsorption c) Both d) Removal rate
Kidney stones are mainly composed of:
a) Uric acid b) Calcium oxalate c) Cholesterol d) Proteins
The normal volume of urine per day is:
a) 1-1.5 L b) 2-3 L c) 3-4 L d) 4-5 L
Proteinuria indicates:
a) Normal kidney b) Kidney damage c) Dehydration d) Diabetes
The specific gravity of normal urine is:
a) 1.003-1.030 b) 1.040-1.050 c) 1.001-1.002 d) 1.050-1.060
Polyuria is a symptom of:
a) Diabetes mellitus b) Diabetes insipidus c) Both d) None
BioNotes